⚗️ Chemistry

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“Scientists changed the model of the atom each time new evidence appeared.”

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3. Press Next to the Movie step and press ▶ Play.

The video says:

• About 1803, John Dalton pictured atoms as tiny solid balls that cannot be split.
• In 1897 J. J. Thomson discovered the electron, so the atom had negative bits inside a positive ball.
• In 1911 Rutherford fired alpha particles at thin gold foil. Most went straight through. A few bounced back.
• So the atom is mostly empty space, with a tiny, dense, positive nucleus in the middle.
• In 1913 Bohr put electrons on fixed energy levels around the nucleus.

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“Every element's place on the table tells you its protons and its behavior.”

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3. Press Next to the Movie step and press ▶ Play.

The video says:

• Every atom has a tiny nucleus that holds protons and neutrons.
• Count the red protons: 6. The number of protons is the atomic number, and 6 always means carbon.
• Add the gray neutrons: 6 protons plus 6 neutrons gives mass number 12.
• In a neutral atom, the number of electrons equals the number of protons.
• Carbon-14 has 8 neutrons instead of 6. Same element, different mass: an isotope.

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“Firework colors come from electrons giving off energy as light.”

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2. Press Next to the 🎬 Watch in 3D step and press ▶ Play. Students can drag to turn the model.
3. Press Next to the Movie step and press ▶ Play.

The video says:

• Electrons can only sit on certain energy levels, like steps on a ladder.
• Hydrogen's one electron normally rests on level 1, the ground state.
• When it absorbs energy, the electron jumps up to a higher level. It is excited.
• When it falls back down, it gives off that energy as light. A fall from 3 to 2 gives red light.
• Each fall makes one color, so hydrogen has its own set of bright lines: a fingerprint.

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Students press Next to Check and answer the 4 questions on their own device. Goal: 100%. 95% or more is Mastered. “Not yet” means try again; students may retry.

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“Fluorine pulls on electrons more strongly than any other element.”

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2. Press Next to the 🎬 Watch in 3D step and press ▶ Play. Students can drag to turn the model.
3. Press Next to the Movie step and press ▶ Play.

The video says:

• The periodic table in 3D. Rows are periods; columns are groups.
• Elements in a column have the same number of valence electrons, so they behave alike.
• Going down a group, atoms add energy levels, so they get bigger.
• Going across a period, more protons pull the electrons in, so atoms get smaller.
• The bars show electronegativity: the pull on shared electrons. It rises to the right and up. Fluorine is the highest.

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Students press Next to Check and answer the 4 questions on their own device. Goal: 100%. 95% or more is Mastered. “Not yet” means try again; students may retry.

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“Salt melts at 801°C; ice at 0°C. Bond type explains the difference.”

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3. Press Next to the Movie step and press ▶ Play.

The video says:

• Sodium has one outer electron. Chlorine has seven and needs one more.
• Sodium gives its outer electron to chlorine.
• Now sodium is Na plus and chlorine is Cl minus. Opposite charges attract: an ionic bond.
• Billions of these ions stack into a crystal: table salt.
• Nonmetals share electrons instead. A shared pair is a covalent bond, like in hydrogen and water.

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Students press Next to Check and answer the 4 questions on their own device. Goal: 100%. 95% or more is Mastered. “Not yet” means try again; students may retry.

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“Table salt is NaCl; water is H₂O. Formulas are chemistry's shorthand.”

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The video says:

• Aluminum forms Al three plus. Oxygen forms O two minus. The charges do not match.
• Criss-cross: each charge number becomes the other ion's subscript.
• Two aluminum ions make plus 6. Three oxide ions make minus 6. Total charge zero: Al2O3.
• Name it: the metal, then the nonmetal ending in -ide. Aluminum oxide.
• Magnesium two plus and oxide two minus cancel one to one, so the formula is MgO, not Mg2O2.

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Students press Next to Check and answer the 4 questions on their own device. Goal: 100%. 95% or more is Mastered. “Not yet” means try again; students may retry.

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“Pasta water stays at 100°C while it boils, even with the burner on high.”

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3. Press Next to the Movie step and press ▶ Play.

The video says:

• In ice, water particles are locked in place. They only vibrate.
• Add heat and the ice melts. The temperature stays at 0 degrees Celsius until all of it melts.
• In liquid water, particles slide past each other, and the temperature rises again.
• At 100 degrees Celsius the water boils. The line is flat again: the heat goes into changing phase.
• In steam, particles fly apart fast and fill the whole container.

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Students press Next to Check and answer the 4 questions on their own device. Goal: 100%. 95% or more is Mastered. “Not yet” means try again; students may retry.

Read this question aloud. Students write the answer on a slip of paper with no name or with a class number, and hand it in.

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“A sealed bag of chips puffs up on a plane because the cabin pressure is less than on the ground.”

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2. Press Next to the 🎬 Watch in 3D step and press ▶ Play. Students can drag to turn the model.
3. Press Next to the Movie step and press ▶ Play.

The video says:

• Gas particles zoom around and hit the walls. All those hits make pressure.
• Push the piston down to half the volume, at the same temperature. The pressure doubles. That is Boyle's law.
• Heat the gas at the same pressure. Double the kelvin temperature and the volume doubles. That is Charles's law.
• Gas laws always use kelvin. Zero degrees Celsius is 273 kelvin.
• The combined gas law, P1 V1 over T1 equals P2 V2 over T2, holds them all. Cover what stays the same.

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Students press Next to Check and answer the 4 questions on their own device. Goal: 100%. 95% or more is Mastered. “Not yet” means try again; students may retry.

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“Salt melts ice on roads because dissolved salt makes water freeze at a colder temperature.”

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2. Press Next to the 🎬 Watch in 3D step and press ▶ Play. Students can drag to turn the model.
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The video says:

• Water is the solvent: it does the dissolving.
• Salt dissolves when water molecules pull the ions apart and surround each one.
• Molarity is moles of solute per liter of solution. One mole in one liter is 1 molar.
• Add water: the moles stay the same but the liters double, so the molarity halves.
• Add more solute to the same volume and the molarity goes up. The color gets darker.

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“Nylon, plastic wrap and DNA are all long chain molecules called polymers.”

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The video says:

• In diamond, every carbon atom bonds to four others in a rigid 3D network. It is the hardest natural material.
• Graphite is also pure carbon, but in flat layers that slide. That is why pencils write.
• A polymer is a long chain built from many small repeating units, like beads on a string.
• Structure decides properties, and properties decide uses.

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“Rust, fireworks and baking-soda volcanoes are all chemical reactions.”

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The video says:

• Synthesis: two pieces build one product. A plus B makes AB.
• Example: sodium and chlorine make table salt.
• Decomposition: one compound breaks into simpler pieces.
• Single replacement: one element swaps into a compound and pushes another out.
• Double replacement: two compounds swap partners.

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Students press Next to Check and answer the 4 questions on their own device. Goal: 100%. 95% or more is Mastered. “Not yet” means try again; students may retry.

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“Atoms can't be created or destroyed, so equations must balance.”

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2. Press Next to the 🎬 Watch in 3D step and press ▶ Play. Students can drag to turn the model.
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The video says:

• Hydrogen plus oxygen makes water. But count the atoms on each side.
• Two oxygen atoms on the left, only one on the right. Atoms cannot appear or vanish.
• Put a 2 in front of water. Now oxygen matches, but hydrogen is 2 on the left and 4 on the right.
• Put a 2 in front of hydrogen. Two H2 plus O2 makes two H2O. Every atom matches, and mass is conserved.
• Seven elements come in pairs when alone: H2, O2, F2, Br2, I2, N2 and Cl2.

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Students press Next to Check and answer the 4 questions on their own device. Goal: 100%. 95% or more is Mastered. “Not yet” means try again; students may retry.

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Read this aloud (it is the lesson's hook). Students think, then tell a partner what they notice.

“A baker scales a recipe; chemists scale reactions with mole ratios.”

1. Open the lesson link on the board.
2. Press Next to the 🎬 Watch in 3D step and press ▶ Play. Students can drag to turn the model.
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The video says:

• A balanced equation is a recipe: 2 H2 plus 1 O2 makes 2 H2O.
• The coefficients give the mole ratio: 2 to 1 to 2.
• To go from grams to grams, cross the mole bridge: grams to moles, moles to moles, moles to grams.
• 4.04 grams of hydrogen is 2 moles. That makes 2 moles of water, which is 36.04 grams.

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Students press Next to Check and answer the 4 questions on their own device. Goal: 100%. 95% or more is Mastered. “Not yet” means try again; students may retry.

Read this question aloud. Students write the answer on a slip of paper with no name or with a class number, and hand it in.

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“Hand warmers feel hot because forming new bonds releases energy.”

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The video says:

• To react, old bonds must break, which takes in energy. New bonds form, which gives energy out.
• Every reaction must climb the activation-energy hill first.
• If the products are lower in energy, energy is released. The reaction is exothermic.
• If the products are higher, energy is absorbed. The reaction is endothermic.
• A catalyst gives the reaction a lower hill, so it goes faster. The catalyst is not used up.

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Students press Next to Check and answer the 4 questions on their own device. Goal: 100%. 95% or more is Mastered. “Not yet” means try again; students may retry.

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“Food spoils slower in a fridge: temperature changes reaction rates.”

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The video says:

• Particles must collide to react.
• Only collisions with enough energy and the right angle react. A flash shows a successful hit.
• Heat it up: particles move faster, so they hit more often and harder.
• Make it more concentrated: more particles, more hits.
• Add a catalyst: less energy is needed, so more hits succeed.

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Students press Next to Check and answer the 4 questions on their own device. Goal: 100%. 95% or more is Mastered. “Not yet” means try again; students may retry.

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“Lemon juice is acidic, soap is basic, and pure water is neutral.”

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The video says:

• The pH scale runs from 0 to 14. Below 7 is acidic, 7 is neutral, above 7 is basic.
• Acids have more hydrogen ions, H plus, than hydroxide ions.
• Bases have more hydroxide ions, OH minus.
• Each step down the scale means 10 times more H plus. pH 3 has 10 times the H plus of pH 4.
• In neutralization, H plus and OH minus join to make water. Acid plus base makes water and a salt.

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Students press Next to Check and answer the 4 questions on their own device. Goal: 100%. 95% or more is Mastered. “Not yet” means try again; students may retry.

Read this question aloud. Students write the answer on a slip of paper with no name or with a class number, and hand it in.

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“A phone battery works because electrons move from one chemical to another through a circuit.”

1. Open the lesson link on the board.
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The video says:

• A zinc strip and a copper strip, each in its own solution, joined by a wire and a salt bridge.
• Zinc atoms lose two electrons and become zinc ions. Losing electrons is oxidation.
• The electrons travel through the wire to the copper and light the bulb.
• Copper ions gain those electrons and become copper metal. Gaining electrons is reduction.
• Oxidation happens at the anode, reduction at the cathode. An Ox, Red Cat.

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Students press Next to Check and answer the 4 questions on their own device. Goal: 100%. 95% or more is Mastered. “Not yet” means try again; students may retry.

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“Nuclear power plants split uranium; the Sun fuses hydrogen.”

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The video says:

• Alpha particles are stopped by paper, beta by thin aluminum, and gamma rays need thick lead.
• Fission: a neutron splits uranium-235 into two smaller nuclei, more neutrons, and a lot of energy.
• Fusion: small nuclei join into a bigger one. The Sun fuses hydrogen into helium.
• A tiny amount of mass turns into a huge amount of energy: E equals m c squared.
• In each half-life, half of the remaining radioactive atoms decay: 1/2, then 1/4, then 1/8.

Students open the same lesson on their own device (or work with the board). Press Next to Try it.

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Students press Next to Check and answer the 4 questions on their own device. Goal: 100%. 95% or more is Mastered. “Not yet” means try again; students may retry.

Read this question aloud. Students write the answer on a slip of paper with no name or with a class number, and hand it in.